Quality evaluation of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum based on HPLC fingerprints and content determination of nucleosides / 中国中药杂志

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum(GGEC), the dried gizzard membrane of Gallus gallus domesticus is a Chinese medicinal material commonly used for digestion. However, due to the particularity of texture and composition, its active ingre-dients have not been clarified so far, and there is also a lack of quality evaluation indicators. In this study, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the chemical components from the water extract of GGEC, and ten nucleosides were identified for the first time. HPLC fingerprints of the water extracts of GGEC were established and the content of seven nucleosides was determined. The fingerprint similarities of 40 batches of GGEC samples ranged from 0.765 to 0.959, indicating that there were great differences among the GGEC products processed with different methods. In addition, SPSS 22.0 and SIMCA 14.1 were used for hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and principal component analysis(PCA) on the 19 common peaks of the HPLC fingerprints of GGEC, and the 40 batches of samples were divided into three categories: raw GGEC, fried GGEC and vinegar-processed GGEC. Eight differential components in GGEC were marked by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis(OPLS-DA), two of which were adenine and thymine. The results of content determination showed that the total content of the seven nucleosides in raw GGEC, fried GGEC and vinegar-processed GGEC were 182.5-416.8, 205.3-368.7, and 194.2-283.0 μg·g~(-1), respectively. There were significant differences in the content of hypoxanthine, thymine and thymidine among the GGEC products processed with different methods(P<0.05), which were graded in the order of fried GGEC>vinegar-processed GGEC>raw GGEC. This suggested that the content of hypoxanthine, thymine and thymidine tended to increase during the frying process, and the variation range might be related to the degree of heat exposure. The established methods in this study were simple and reproducible, and could be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of GGEC and its processed pro-ducts. This study also provided reference for the establishment of quality standards of GGEC with chemical components as control index.

Análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus (2016-2021) / Scientometric Analysis of the Scientific Production on Hypoxanthine and Xanthine in Exercise, Published in Scopus Database (2016-2021)

La hipoxantina y la xantina son biomarcadores metabólicos que resultan de la degradación de las proteínas purinas. Los análisis cienciométricos constituyen una herramienta para estudiar las publicaciones científicas en torno a un determinado tema con la finalidad de determinar tendencias en la literatura. Se realizó un análisis cienciométrico de la producción científica reciente sobre la hipoxantina y xantina en el ejercicio, publicada en la base de datos Scopus durante el período 2016 - 2021. Para la búsqueda en Scopus se utilizaron las palabras clave en idioma inglés: exercise, hypoxanthine y xanthine. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo, tomando en cuenta los artículos encontrados, así como la información proporcionada por el software VOSviewer. Se identificaron 64 artículos, de estos, 56 fueron de investigación aplicada y ocho de revisión. La categoría de efecto del ejercicio tuvo una mayor cantidad de estudios con 23; dentro de esta se encuentra la subcategoría de metabolismo que presentó 21 artículos. Tanto Estados Unidos como Polonia son los países con mayor número de publicaciones. Existen distintos enfoques y protocolos de ejercicio utilizados para cuantificar la respuesta de la hipoxantina y xantina, así como los perfiles de los sujetos de estudio utilizados como muestra para las investigaciones. La cuantificación de hipoxantina y xantina en el cuerpo es importante para la investigación en el campo de las ciencias del ejercicio(AU)

Hypoxanthine and xanthine are metabolic biomarkers that result from the degradation of purine proteins. Scientometric analyzes constitute a tool to study scientific publications around a certain topic in order to determine trends in the literature. A scientometric analysis was carried out of the recent scientific production on hypoxanthine and xanthine in exercise, published in Scopus database during the period 2016-2021. For the search in Scopus, we used the English keywords exercise, hypoxanthine and xanthine. A quantitative analysis was carried out, taking into account the articles found, as well as the information provided by VOSviewer software. Sixty-four articles were identified, 56 of them were applied research and eight were review. The exercise effect category had a larger number of studies (23). Here there is a subcategory of metabolism that had 21 articles. The United States and Poland are both the countries with the highest number of publications. There are different approaches and exercise protocols used to quantify the response of hypoxanthine and xanthine, as well as the profiles of the study subjects used as a sample for the investigations. The quantification of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the body is important for research in the field of exercise science(AU)

Metabolismo do glicogênio muscular durante o exercício físico: mecanismos de regulação / Muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: mechanism of regulation

Uma série de estudos tem sido realizada para compreensão do metabolismo de glicogênio muscular durante o exercício. Estudos clássicos apontaram uma associação entre as reservas iniciais de glicogênio muscular e o tempo de sustentação do esforço. O glicogênio muscular diminui de forma semi-logarítmica em função do tempo, mas a concentração desse substrato não chega a zero, o que sugere a participação de outros mecanismos de fadiga na interrupção do exercício prolongado. Nesse tipo de atividade, a depleção de glicogênio, primeiro, ocorre nas fibras de contração lenta, seguida pela depleção nas de contração rápida. A diminuição na taxa de utilização de glicogênio muscular está sincronicamente ligada ao aumento no metabolismo de gordura, mas o mecanismo fisiológico é pouco compreendido. Estudos recentes sugerem que uma diminuição da insulina durante o exercício limitaria o transporte de glicose pela membrana plasmática, causando um aumento no consumo de ácidos graxos. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado, também, que a própria estrutura do glicogênio muscular pode controlar a entrada de ácidos graxos livres na célula, via proteína quinase. Fisicamente, a molécula de glicogênio se apresenta de duas formas, uma com estrutura molecular menor (aproximadamente, 4,10(5) Da, Proglicogênio) e outra maior (aproximadamente, 10(7) Da, Macroglicogênio). Aparentemente, a forma Proglicogênio é metabolicamente mais ativa no exercício e a Macroglicogênio mais suscetível a aumentar com dietas de supercompensação. Maior concentração de hipoxantinas e amônia no exercício com depleção de glicogênio muscular também foi relatada, mas estudos com melhor controle da intensidade do esforço podem ajudar a elucidar essa questão.

A large number of studies have been conducted to understand muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise. Classical studies demonstrated a relationship between the pre-exercise muscle glycogen content and duration of exercise. Muscle glycogen declines in a semilogarithmic manner in function of time, but glycogen concentration does not reach zero, which suggests that other fatigue mechanisms participate in the interruption of prolonged exercise. In this type of activity, glycogen depletion occurs first in slow twitch fibers followed by fast twitch fibers. The decrease in the rate of muscle glycogen utilization is synchronized with an increased rate of fat uptake, but the physiological mechanism is not well understood. Recent studies suggest that the decline of insulin during exercise could be a limiting factor of glucose transport through the plasma membrane, which increases the uptake of fatty acids. Others studies have also demonstrated that the structure of muscle glycogen itself can regulate the cellular uptake of free fatty acids via protein kinase. Physically, the glycogen molecule has two forms, one with a smaller molecular structure (approximately 4.10(5) Da, proglycogen) and another one with a larger molecular structure (approximately 10(7) Da, macroglycogen). Apparently, the proglycogen form is more metabolically active during exercise and the macroglycogen form is more susceptible to increase with supercompensation diets. Higher concentrations of hypoxanthines and ammonia during exercise with muscle glycogen depletion have been reported, but studies that control exercise intensity better are necessary to help shed light on this issue.

The protective effects and its underlying mechanism of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine on postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in rats / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect and its underlying mechanism of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP), an inhibitor of GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CHI), on postburn Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) sepsis in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e. normal control, scalding control, postburn sepsis group and DAHP treatment group. Tissue samples from liver, kidneys, lungs and heart were aseptically taken, and in which the GTP-CHI and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contents and the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) were determined. Furthermore, biopterin (BH(4)) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in these tissue were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the scalding injury followed by bacterial challenge, the GTP-CHI gene expression and biopterin levels were significantly increased in all tissue sampled, and so were iNOS mRNA expression and NO (P < 0.01), especially in liver and lungs. The expressions of GTP-CHI mRNA and iNOS mRNA and the production of BH(4) and NO in all tissue were evidently inhibited by the pretreatment with DAHP (P < 0.05 approximately 0.01). At the same time, the TNFalpha expression was also obviously decreased. In addition, The mortality at 6 hr in rats of DAHP treatment group was decreased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prognosis of the scalding rats complicated by sepsis caused by G(+) bacteria could be improved by DAHP pretreatment, which might be related to the inhibition of the production of BH(4) and NO by DAHP.</p>

Quality and safety of atlantic mackerel [scomber scomberus]: Effect of intermittent exposure at different temperatures

The quality and safety of fresh Atlantic mackerel [Scomber scombrus] due to repeated intermittent exposure 8 hr at 15 and 30 degree sign C prior to 16 hr ice storage was monitored. The experimental procedure simulates the handling regimes experienced in the markets of many developing countries. Histamine levels. thiobarbituric acid [TBA], hypoxanthine [Hx] and water binding potential [WBP] values as well as sensorical parameters were followed up for 4 days. Results indicated the presence of significant [P<0.01] hazardous histamine levels at day 4 for the high temperature [30 degree sign C] intermittent samples. 71 TBA values of the intermittent samples and control showed different induction trends. They reached significantly higher values at day 4 and were independent whether the intermittent temperatures were at 15 or 30 degree sign C. The Hx values of intermittent samples at 15 and 30 degree sign C were significantly higher than the control and reached their maximum peaking at day 2.The correlationcoefpcientfor both TBA and Hx values and flavour as scored by panelists showed a strongnegative correlation. The WBP values did not show distinctive significant values among different temperature exposures. Sensorical scores indicated that the odour, flavour and texture after day 3 were below the limits of acceptability. The chemical and sensory data emphasize the critical and hazardous handling regimes of fresh fatty fish at intermittent high temperatures [30 degree sign C] in the markets of many tropical developing countries

An axenic culture system for the transformation of bloodstream forms to procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro.

An axenic culture system for continuous cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei GUT at 3.1 and subsequent transformation of bloodstream forms to procyclic forms is described. Bloodstream forms were continuously grown at 37 degrees C in Iscove's modification of Dulbecco's medium (M-DMEM, with bovine serum albumin, transferrin and soybean lecithin supplemented with 100 microM hypoxanthine, 30 microns thymidine, 40 microM adenosine, 1mM sodium pyruvate, 50 microM L-glutamine, 100 microM 2-mercaptoethanol and 20% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. In this system, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) was essential and in the absence of 2-ME, 100 microM L-cysteine and 10 microM bathocuproine sulfonate could not be substituted for 2-ME. This culture system was useful for long-term culture of bloodstream forms of this clone. Axenic cultivation of bloodstream forms at 27 degrees C resulted in transformation to procyclic forms within 5 days in the same medium supplemented with 5 mM L-proline, 8 micrograms/ml hemin and 4 micrograms/ml hematin, respectively and, instead of FBS, 20% (v/v) hemoglobin-poor fraction of fetal bovine serum.

Purine metabolites as measures of birth asphyxia

In order to investigate purine metabolites as parameters of birth asphyxia, 16 acutely asphyxiated neonates representing the acute asphyxia group, and 18 neonates of mothers with severe pre-eclampsia representing the chronic hypoxia group were studied. The results were compared with those of 10 healthy neonates as control group. Cord blood samples were assessed for hypoxanthine and uric acid as purine metabolites as well for blood pH and lactate in all cases. Hypoxanthine was significantly increased [P < 0.001] in the acute asphyxia group but not in the chronic hypoxia group, and correlated significantly with blood lactate in the acute group [r = 0.894, P < 0.001]. Uric acid was significantly increased in the chronic hypoxia group [P < 0.001] but not in the acute asphyxia group. There was a significant negative correlation between uric acid and lactate in the acute group [r = - 0.546, P < 0.05] and a significant positive correlation in the chronic hypoxia group [r = 0.632, P < 0.01]. Cord blood lactate was significantly increased in both studied groups whereas pH was significantly decreased in the acute asphyxia group. Blood lactate correlated significantly with Apgar score in the acute group. There was no correlation between hypoxanthine or uric acid with either pH or Apgar score in both acute asphyxia and chronic hypoxia groups. The present study showed that cord blood hypoxanthine is increased in acute asphyxia whereas uric acid is increased in chronic hypoxia, however they are no better indicators for asphyxia than cord blood pH and lactate. Their importance depends on their predictive value with respect to brain damage which we recommend to be investigated through longitudinal follow-up studies

Guanasa y metabolitos en pancreatitis isquemica experimental / Guanase and metabolites in experimental ischemic pancreatitis

El dano provocado por la pancreatitis experimental en perros, determina un aumento significativo de la actividad de la Guanasa. Este aumento se produce a las 2 hs de la isquemia en tejidos y a las 24 hs en suero. Asi mismo se determina que la actividad es similar en cabeza y cola y está ausentela actividad en el cuerpo del páncreas. Finalmente se observa que mientras las oxipurinas séricas, aumentan en forma similar a la Guanasa sérica, la Guanina sé-rica, disminuye significativamente recién a las 24 hs. Estos resultados indicanque la actividad de guanasa es un excelente "marcador" del dano pancreático en perros

Enzimas y metabolitos purínicos durante el embarazo / Purine metablic enzymes during of pregnancy

Se estudia el metabolismo purínico en 64 mujeres, 48 embarazadas y 16 no embarazadas. Los resultados se confrontaron estadísticamente y se concluye que: no se observa actividad de guanasa, a diferencia del suero, en saliva de mujeres embarazadas o no embarazadas. Las oxipurinas, xantina + hipoxantina, salivales, aumentan progresivamente durante el embarazo, siendo los valores más significativos en el 3er. trimestre. El ácido úrico sérico y salival, y la xantina oxidasa salival, disminuyen progresivamente durante la gestación, observando los valores más significativos en el 3er. trimestre. Se establecen los valores normales de xantina oxidasa, oxipurinas y ácido úrico en la saliva de las mujeres estudiadas.